{"id":27263,"date":"2024-06-24T11:21:37","date_gmt":"2024-06-24T09:21:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/?p=27263"},"modified":"2024-06-24T14:21:12","modified_gmt":"2024-06-24T12:21:12","slug":"the-power-of-symbolic-reasoning","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/the-power-of-symbolic-reasoning\/","title":{"rendered":"From Harold Cohen to Modern AI: The Power of Symbolic Reasoning"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>During my recent visit to the Whitney Museum in New York, I was introduced to the pioneering work of<strong> Harold Cohen<\/strong>, an artist and computer scientist who created <strong>AARON, a mechanical artist<\/strong>. Quite surprisingly, Harold invented the software in the late 1960s at the University of California and named it AARON in the early 1970s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Harold Cohen: AARON | Plotter Demonstration\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/uhxlFOKg17s?start=4&#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Harold Cohen: AARON | Plotter Demonstration<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Cohen&#8217;s meticulous design process for Aaron included defining the proportions of the human hand and introducing the concept of compositionality. His rule-based system enabled AARON to distinguish how to draw subjects in various spatial relationships, a challenge that modern AI systems still wrestle with.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The Machine as Artist by Harold Cohen<\/em> is a magnificent manifesto for Symbolic AI.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1212\" src=\"https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/06\/image.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-27265\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/06\/image.jpeg 1600w, https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/06\/image-300x227.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/06\/image-1024x776.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/06\/image-768x582.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/06\/image-1536x1164.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/06\/image-150x114.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This visit returned to me while reading <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-024-07522-w\">a recent research paper published in Nature<\/a> on June 19, 2024, by Evelina Fedorenko, Steven T. Piantadosi, and Edward A. F. Gibson.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The paper argues that <strong>language is primarily a tool for communication<\/strong> <strong>rather than a mechanism for thought and reasoning<\/strong>. This perspective highlights the development course for AI systems, particularly concerning the recent research on large language models (LLMs).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What is Symbolic AI?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><a class=\"wl-entity-page-link\" title=\"Neuro-symbolic AI: Where Knowledge Graphs Meet (Large) Language Models\" href=\"https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/neuro-symbolic-ai\/\" data-id=\"http:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl0216\/post\/neuro-symbolic-ai-where-knowledge-graphs-meet-large-language-models-24819\" >Symbolic AI<\/a> is a branch of artificial intelligence that uses symbols and rules to represent knowledge and reasoning processes. Unlike deep learning, which relies on patterns and statistical methods, symbolic AI uses explicit representations of problems, logic, and rules to derive conclusions. This approach allows for more interpretability and precision in specific tasks, making it ideal for applications requiring clear reasoning and decision-making processes. The synergy between continuous information processing that characterizes deep learning and large language models and discrete information extraction and reasoning of symbolic AI is what we call <a href=\"https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/neuro-symbolic-ai\/\">neurosymbolic AI<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Integrating Symbolic Reasoning in AI&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The research conducted by Fedorenko and colleagues provides compelling evidence that <strong>language does not engage the brain&#8217;s symbolic reasoning functions<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/06\/image.jpg\" alt=\"The language network and its relationship to other cognitive networks (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-07522-w)\" class=\"wp-image-27264\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/06\/image.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/06\/image-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/06\/image-1024x819.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/06\/image-768x614.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/06\/image-1536x1229.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/06\/image-150x120.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The language network and its relationship to other cognitive networks (<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-07522-w\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-07522-w<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>As illustrated in the image above, the study demonstrates that the language network in the brain is activated during language comprehension and production tasks, such as understanding or producing sentences, lists of words, and even nonwords. However, when individuals engage in tasks requiring thinking and reasoning, such as executive functions, novel problem solving, mathematics, or understanding computer code, entirely different brain networks are activated\u2014the multiple demand network.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This dissociation seems to indicate that <strong>language is not necessary for thought<\/strong>. The brain regions involved in high-level cognitive tasks do not overlap with those used for language, suggesting that language serves primarily as a communication code. Language facilitates the transfer of information rather than being the substrate for complex thought processes. The study remarks, &#8220;<em>Many individuals with acquired brain damage exhibit difficulties in reasoning and problem-solving but appear to have full command of their linguistic abilities,<\/em>&#8221; reinforcing that undamaged language abilities do not imply intact thought\u200b\u200b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Understanding that language is a means of communication, it becomes clear that <strong>AI systems, particularly LLMs, need to incorporate logic middleware for symbolic reasoning<\/strong>. This middleware can bridge the gap between pattern recognition and logical reasoning, enabling AI systems to perform more complex and accurate tasks. An example of this integration is the flourishing implementation of Graph <a class=\"wl-entity-page-link\" title=\"g-rag\" href=\"https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/entity\/retrieval-augmented-generation\/\" data-id=\"http:\/\/data.wordlift.io\/wl0216\/entity\/retrieval-augmented-generation-rag-25802;http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q104090766\" >Retrieval-Augmented Generation<\/a> (Graph RAG) solutions, such as those provided by WordLift. These solutions demonstrate how combining LLMs with symbolic reasoning can enhance AI&#8217;s capabilities, making them more effective in task requiring pattern recognition and logical inference. For a deeper dive into this approach, I refer to the seminal work by Microsoft Research: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/blog\/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data\/\">GraphRAG: Unlocking LLM Discovery on Narrative Private Data<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1630\" src=\"https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/06\/original_860572f1-d4d8-40c5-9398-a4bf4bd60e7d_PXL_20240511_164504483.MP-1-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-27268\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/06\/original_860572f1-d4d8-40c5-9398-a4bf4bd60e7d_PXL_20240511_164504483.MP-1-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/06\/original_860572f1-d4d8-40c5-9398-a4bf4bd60e7d_PXL_20240511_164504483.MP-1-300x191.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/06\/original_860572f1-d4d8-40c5-9398-a4bf4bd60e7d_PXL_20240511_164504483.MP-1-1024x652.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/06\/original_860572f1-d4d8-40c5-9398-a4bf4bd60e7d_PXL_20240511_164504483.MP-1-768x489.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/06\/original_860572f1-d4d8-40c5-9398-a4bf4bd60e7d_PXL_20240511_164504483.MP-1-1536x978.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/06\/original_860572f1-d4d8-40c5-9398-a4bf4bd60e7d_PXL_20240511_164504483.MP-1-2048x1304.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/06\/original_860572f1-d4d8-40c5-9398-a4bf4bd60e7d_PXL_20240511_164504483.MP-1-150x96.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Harold Cohen&#8217;s work with AARON provides <strong>an interesting historical parallel. <\/strong>Over 50 years ago, Cohen used a symbolic rule-based system to help Aaron understand how to draw elements like the human hand and spatial relationships. His approach highlights how symbolic reasoning can enhance the ability of generative systems to create accurate depictions, something modern LLMs still need to work on. As seen recently with Stability AI\u2019s release of Stable Diffusion 3 Medium, the latest AI image-synthesis model has been <a href=\"https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/information-technology\/2024\/06\/ridiculed-stable-diffusion-3-release-excels-at-ai-generated-body-horror\/\">heavily criticized online<\/a> for generating anatomically incorrect images. Despite advancements in AI, these visual abominations underscore the ongoing challenges in accurately depicting human forms, a problem Cohen&#8217;s symbolic approach addressed over half a century ago.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/06\/image-1.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-27266\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/06\/image-1.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/06\/image-1-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/06\/image-1-150x150.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/06\/image-1-768x768.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/wordlift.io\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/06\/image-1-96x96.jpeg 96w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">An AI-generated image created using SD3.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>By integrating symbolic reasoning into AI, we build on the legacy of brilliant minds like Harold Cohen and push the boundaries of what AI systems can achieve. As we continue researching and developing LLMs, <strong>adding symbolic logic middleware<\/strong> represents a significant step forward, enhancing their ability to reason, plan, and understand the world more comprehensively.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"500\" data-dnt=\"true\"><p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Thoughts exist without language. <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/Ff4QJz1rki\">https:\/\/t.co\/Ff4QJz1rki<\/a><\/p>&mdash; Yann LeCun (@ylecun) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/ylecun\/status\/1804449315672216063?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">June 22, 2024<\/a><\/blockquote><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This trend has been recently highlighted by <a href=\"https:\/\/lexfridman.com\/yann-lecun-3-transcript\/#chapter1_limits_of_llms\">Yann LeCun<\/a>, Chief AI Scientist at Meta and professor at NYU. He pointed out that LLMs, while helpful, lack critical characteristics of intelligent behavior, such as understanding the physical world, persistent memory, reasoning, and planning. He explained that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201c<em>LLMs can do none of those or they can only do them in a very primitive way and they don\u2019t really understand the physical world. They don\u2019t really have persistent memory. They can\u2019t really reason and they certainly can\u2019t plan.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n<cite>Yann LeCun &#8211; Chief AI Scientist at Meta<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>LeCun also emphasized that LLMs are trained on vast amounts of text data, which oversimplifies how the human brain works. He noted that a significant portion of human learning, especially in early life, comes from sensory input and interaction with the real world rather than language alone. He highlighted that <strong>these systems lack proper persistent memory<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201c<em>Through sensory input, we see a lot more information than we do through language, and that despite our intuition, most of what we learn and most of our knowledge is through our observation and interaction with the real world, not through language. Everything that we learn in the first few years of life, and certainly everything that animals learn has nothing to do with language<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Integrating symbolic AI with modern machine learning techniques offers a promising path forward. This approach is particularly relevant for SEO and content marketing, where understanding and reasoning about the context of information is crucial. By leveraging symbolic reasoning, AI can enhance content discovery, improve relevance, and deliver more accurate and meaningful results, ultimately driving better engagement and conversions.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Understanding that language is a communication function of the human brain clarifies that while training LLMs on language is effective, it oversimplifies the brain&#8217;s complexity. To achieve true intelligence in AI, incorporating symbolic reasoning and addressing the need for persistent memory is crucial.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is precisely what we are building at WordLift for enterprise companies using semantic ontologies, bridging the gap between pattern recognition and logical reasoning. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><em>Excited to learn more?<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/wordlift.io\/contact-us\/\"><strong>Drop us a line!<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>References:<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Fedorenko, E., Piantadosi, S.T. &amp; Gibson, E.A.F. Language is primarily a tool for communication rather than thought. Nature 630, 575\u2013586 (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-07522-w\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-07522-w<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Harold Cohen: AARON <\/em>(<a href=\"https:\/\/whitney.org\/exhibitions\/harold-cohen-aaron\">Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, February 3\u2013May 19, 2024<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yann Lecun: <a href=\"https:\/\/lexfridman.com\/yann-lecun-3-transcript\/#chapter1_limits_of_llms\">Meta AI, Open Source, Limits of LLMs, AGI &amp; the Future of AI<\/a> | Lex Fridman Podcast #416<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/danbri\/status\/1804280741347352586\">thread on X started by @danbri<\/a> that got me started.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Discover how integrating symbolic reasoning into AI can enhance its capabilities. Learn from Harold Cohen&#8217;s pioneering work and explore how modern AI systems benefit from combining symbolic logic with machine learning techniques.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":27270,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"wl_entities_gutenberg":"","_wlpage_enable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"wl_entity_type":[30],"coauthors":[4226],"class_list":["post-27263","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-seo","wl_entity_type-article"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>From Harold Cohen to Modern AI: The Power of Symbolic Reasoning<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover how integrating symbolic reasoning into AI can enhance its capabilities. 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